Red Sea instability increasingly affects Pakistan through shipping costs, energy exposure and maritime security risks. At the same…
The Makkah Joint Defence Agreement signals a stronger regional role for Saudi Arabia, Türkiye and Pakistan, but its…
Pakistan’s Afghanistan policy needs to move beyond assumptions of strategic alignment and focus more directly on national security…
The Mecca defence pact reflects Saudi Arabia, Turkiye and Pakistan’s attempt to build stronger regional deterrence, protect economic…
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